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Heaven Must Be Earned: Works for Christ, Grace for Us

There are certain perversely subtle men who–even though they confess that we receive salvation through Christ–cannot bear to hear the word “merit,” for they think that it obscures God’s grace. Hence, they would have Christ as a mere instrument or minister, not as the Author or Leader and Princoe of life, as Peter calls him [Acts 3:15]. Indeed, I admit, if anyone would simply set Christ by himself over against God’s judgment, there will be no place for merit…. [But] it is absurd to set Christ’s merit against God’s mercy…. Both God’s free favor and Christ’s obedience, each in its degree, are fitly opposed to our works.
- John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2.17.1.

Filed under: Law and Gospel, Quotes, Reformed Theology , , , , ,

If It’s Covenantal Nomism, Call it Sinai: Properly Distinguishing Two Covenants

…two different types of covenants form distinct riverbeds cutting synchronically through the same biblical history: a purely promissory oath on God’s part and a conditional suzerainty-vassal relationship on the other. As the story of Israel unfolds, it becomes increasingly clear (especially from the New Testament looking back) that this distinction can be generally applied to the Abrahamic and Mosaic (or Sinaitic) covenants, respectively. It is the inheritance of sons (in the ancient world, of course, the only real inheritance) that the Abrahamic covenant promises, while in the Sinaitic covenant Israel promises to be a loyal servant in God’s land. The dialectic between law and gospel is never separated or confused in the biblical traditions. “Thus when Luther spoke of the law as a lex implenda and lex impleta,” notes Childs, “he was not reflecting and allegedly ‘tortured subjectivity,’ but seeking to deal critically with the biblical material both exegetically and theologically.”
It is through Sarah’s barren womb that an heir will come who will connect the universal solution to sin (Eve’s seed) and Israel’s particular solution to exile. The themes of son and servant, together with other metaphors (bride, city, hill), become interwoven in this narrative history. Like the Abrahamic covenant, the Davidic covenant is an unconditional adoption. He is promised that despite his own sins and those of his house, “your kingdom shall be made sure forever before me; your throne shall be established forever” (2 Sam. 7:11-17).
While the promissory oaths runs from Adam and Eve (Gen. 3:15) through Seth and Noah to Abraham and Sarah (Genesis 12-17) and then to David and his everlasting dynasty (2 Samuel 7), the Sinai covenant, as we have seen in chapter one, is in a rather different form. It is a suzerainty treaty in which the people promise fealty to the Great King, and YHWH in turn imposes stipulations and sanctions. The Israelites are the subject of both covenants, but they are distinct arrangements and they should not be interpreted as simply representing two different emphases–law and grace–in a single covenant.
From Sinai on, Israel inherits the land by promise but remains in the land by obedience. In this respect, I can heartily concur with the thesis of E.P. Sanders regarding “covenantal nomism,” just so long as we distinguish (as he does not) between the different types of covenant that we meet with in Israel’s history, identified by Abraham and Sinai. The latter is anything but an unconditional oath (e.g., Deut. 7:12-14).
- Michael S. Horton, Lord and Servant: A Covenant Christology (Louisville, KY WJK), 150-51.

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Protestants Cherish Good Works

We do not, therefore, reject good works; on the contrary, we cherish and teach them as much as possible. We do not condemn them for their own sake but on account of this godless addiction to them and the perverse idea that righteousness is to be sought through them; for that makes them appear good outwardly, when in truth they are not good. They deceive men and lead them to deceive one another like ravening wolves in sheep’s clothing [Matt. 7:15].
But this leviathan, or perverse notion concerning works, is unconquerable where sincere faith is wanting. Those work-saints cannot get rid of it unless faith, its destroyer, comes and rules in their hearts. Nature of itself cannot drive it out or even recognize it, but rather regards it as a mark of the most holy will. If the influence of custom is added and confirms this perverseness of nature, as wicked teachers have caused it to do, it becomes an incurable evil and leads astray and destroys countless men beyond all hope of restoration. Therefore, although it is good to preach and write about penitence, confession, and satisfaction, our teaching is unquestionably deceitful and diabolical if we stop with that and do not go on to teach about faith.
- Martin Luther, The Freedom of a Christian.

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Distinguishing Law and Gospel

Therefore, whensoever, or wheresoever, any doubt or question arises of salvation, or our justification before God, there the law and all good works must be utterly excluded and stand apart, that grace may appear free, and that the promise and faith may stand alone: which faith alone, without law or works, brings thee in particular to thy justification and salvation, through the mere promise and free grace of God in Christ; so that I say, in the action and office of justification, both law and works are to be utterly excluded and exempted, as things which have nothing to do in that behalf. The reason is this: for seeing that all our redemption springs out from the body of the Son of God crucified, then is there nothing that can stand us in stead, but that only wherewith the body of Christ is apprehended. Now, forasmuch as neither the law nor works, but faith only, is the thing which apprehendeth the body and passion of Christ, therefore faith only is that matter which justifies a man before God, through the strength of that object Jesus Christ, which it apprehends; like as the brazen serpent was the object only of the Israelites’ looking, and not of their hands’ working; by the strength of which object, through the promise of God, immediately proceeded health to the beholders: so the body of Christ being the object of our faith, strikes righteousness to our souls, not through working, but through believing.
Wherefore, when any person or persons, do feel themselves oppressed or terrified with the burden of their sins, and feel themselves with the majesty of the law and judgment of God terrified and oppressed, outweighed and thrown down into utter discomfort, almost to the pit of hell, as happens sometimes to God’s own dear servants, who have soft and timorous consciences; when such souls, I say, do read or hear any such place of Scripture which appertains to the law, let them, then, think and assure themselves that such places do not appertain or belong to them; nay, let not such only who are thus deeply humbled and terrified do this, but also let every one that does but make any doubt or question of their own salvation, through the sight and sense of their sin, do the like.
…As we must take heed and beware that we apply not the law where the gospel is to be applied, so must we also take heed and beware that we apply not the gospel where the law is to be applied. Let us not apply the gospel instead of the law; for, as before, the other was even as much as to put on a mourning-gown at a marriage feast, so this is but even the casting of pearls before swine, wherein is great abuse amongst many; for commonly it is seen, that these proud, self-conceited, and unhumbled persons, these worldly epicures and secure mammonists, to whom the doctrine of the law does properly appertain, do yet notwithstanding put it away from them, and bless themselves with the sweet promises of the gospel, saying, “They hope they have as good a share in Christ as the best of them all, for God is merciful and the like.” And contrariwise, the other contrite and bruised hearts, to whom belongs not the law, but the joyful tidings of the gospel, for the most part receive and apply themselves the terrible voice and sentence of the law. Whereby it comes to pass, that many do rejoice when they should mourn; and on the other side, many do fear and mourn when they should rejoice. Wherefore, to conclude, in private use of life, let every person discreetly discern between the law and the gospel, and apply to himself that which belongs to him.
- Edward Fisher, The Marrow of Modern Divinity (NY: Wesminster Publishing House), 341-43.

Filed under: Law and Gospel, Quotes, Reformed Theology , , ,

The Anabaptists

This vision of human salvation [rehabilitation of man's 'free will' to do good] conflated and combined the processes of ‘justification’ and ’sanctification’, which the main reformers had kept logically separate. In pastoral terms, it combined protestant and–surprisingly catholic features. The Reformation made justification a once-for-all act of God in forgiving sins, rather than a piecemeal, cyclical process; it also detached the state of ‘being saved’ from the apparent moral condition of the soul at any given moment. Catholicism linked the ’state of grace’ to the the actual moral state of the soul, but then insisted that souls were saved by the bit-by-bit process of sacramental purification. The anabaptists took from the reformers the once-for-all nature of salvation, but then harnessed salvation to the visible state of the believer’s soul as the catholics did. So, the anabaptist believers were expected to experience a sudden transformation in their lives, and not to lapse back again to their old ways. This composite attitude made stricter–and perhaps more unrealistic–moral demands than either of the faiths which it opposed.
- Euan Cameron, The European Reformation (NY: Oxford University Press), 334.

Filed under: Church History, Quotes, Reformed Theology , , ,

Outpelagianizing Pelagius

When Erasmus even distantly approached it [God's action being suspended on man's will] and spoke of “securing” the grace of God by “some little thing” retained to human powers, Luther told him flatly that he was outpelagianizing Pelagius. Man does not “secure” the grace of God: the grace of God “secures” the activities of man–in every sphere and in every detail, of these activities. It is nothing less than degrading to God to suppose Him thus subject to the control of man and unable to move except as man permits Him to do so, or to produce any effects except as He is turned into the channels of their working at man’s option.
- Benjamin B. Warfield, Perfectionism: Volume II (Grand Rapid, MI: Baker Books), 610. 

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Currently Reading…

Engaging with Barth - ed. David Gibson and Daniel Strange; Conversations with Barth on Preaching - William Willimon; The Triumph of Grace in the Theology of Karl Barth - G. C. Berkouwer; The Cambridge Companion to Karl Barth - ed. John Webster; The Early Preaching of Karl Barth - Karl Barth & William Willimon; Deliverance to the Captives - Karl Barth